Topend Sports Logo

Bruce Protocol Stress Test

The Bruce Test is commonly used treadmill exercise stress test. It was developed as a clinical test to evaluate patients with suspected coronary heart disease, though it can also be used to estimate cardiovascular fitness. See also a general description of Exercise Stress Tests. As this stress test is a maximal test performed commonly on people with heart problems, the test should be performed under the supervision of appropriately trained medical staff.



purpose: to evaluate cardiac function and fitness.

equipment required: treadmill, stopwatch, a 12-lead electrocardiograph (ECG) machine and leads, sticking tape, clips.

pre-test: Explain the test procedures to the subject. Perform screening of health risks and obtain informed consent. Prepare forms and record basic information such as age, height, body weight, gender, test conditions. Perform an appropriate warm-up. Attach ECG leads if required. See more details of pre-test procedures.

procedure: Exercise is performed on a treadmill. If required, the leads of the ECG are placed on the chest wall. The treadmill is started at 2.74 km/hr (1.7 mph) and at a gradient (or incline) of 10%. At three minute intervals the incline of the treadmill increases by 2%, and the speed increases as shown in the table below. (see Bruce Test video examples). The test should be stopped when the subject cannot continue due to fatigue or pain, or due to many other medical indications.

Stage Speed (km/hr) Speed (mph) Gradient
1 2.74 1.7 10
2 4.02 2.5 12
3 5.47 3.4 14
4 6.76 4.2 16
5 8.05 5.0 18
6 8.85 5.5 20
7 9.65 6.0 22
8 10.46 6.5 24
9 11.26 7.0 26
10 12.07 7.5 28

modifications: There is a commonly used Modified Bruce protocol, which starts at a lower workload than the standard test, and is typically used for elderly or sedentary patients. The fist two stages of the Modified Bruce Test are performed at a 1.7 mph and 0% grade and 1.7 mph and 5% grade, and the third stage corresponds to the first stage of the Standard Bruce Test protocol as listed above.

exercise stress testexercise stress testing

results: The test score is the time taken on the test, in minutes. This can also be converted to an estimated VO2max score using the calculator below and the following formulas, where the value "T" is the total time completed (expressed in minutes and fractions of a minute e.g. 9 minutes 15 seconds = 9.25 minutes). As with many exercise test equations, there have been many regression equations developed that may give varying results. If possible, use the one derived from a similar population and which best suits your needs.

VO2max (ml/kg/min) = 14.76 - (1.379 × T) + (0.451 × T²) - (0.012 × T³) (this formula is the one used for the calculator below)

Women: VO2max (ml/kg/min) = 2.94 x T + 3.74
Women: VO2max (ml/kg/min) = 4.38 × T - 3.9

Men: VO2max (ml/kg/min) = 2.94 x T + 7.65
Young Men: VO2max (ml/kg/min) = 3.62 x T + 3.91

ref: ACSM's Health-Related Physical Fitness Assessment Manual

VO2max calculator: Enter your total time on the Bruce Test in the box below and click calculate. The time in minutes should be expressed in minutes and fractions of a minute e.g. 9 minutes 15 seconds = 9.25 minutes.

Enter Your time (minutes) on the Bruce Test

target population: Patients with suspected coronary heart disease, and athletes in sports in which aerobic endurance is a important component, such as distance runners.

advantages: You can also get measurement of maximum heart rate by recording heart rate during the test, which can be used in training programs to set intensity.

disadvantages: Relatively large time and costs required. Specialist training is required to interpret exercise ECG traces.

other comments: The original Bruce protocol was developed in 1963 by Dr. Robert. A. Bruce. Other similar exercise stress test protocols include Astrand, Naughton and Balke.

caution: This test is a maximal test, which requires a reasonable level of fitness. If used recreational athletes or people with health problems, injuries or low fitness levels, please have medical assistance on hand.



Similar Fitness Tests

Related Pages

send us a comment Any comments, suggestions, or corrections? Please let us know.

Old Comments

Commenting is closed on this page, though you can read some previous comments below which may answer some of your questions.

Testing Extra

We have over 400 fitness tests listed, so it's not easy to choose the best one to use. You should consider the validity, reliability, costs and ease of use for each test. Use our testing guide to conducting, recording, and interpreting fitness tests. Any questions, please ask or search for your answer. To keep up with the latest in sport science and this website, subscribe to our newsletter. We are also on facebook and twitter.

 → How to Cite